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Dengue Fever

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Dengue Fever & What You Need to Know, including Pathophysiology, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment. Dengue fever is a viral infection with potentially fatal consequences. In this lesson, we discuss how people are infected with Dengue fever, pathophysiology of the condition, along with phases of infection, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, preventative methods (vaccines, mosquito repellent).

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**MEDICAL DISCLAIMER**: JJ Medicine does not provide medical advice, and the information available on this channel does not offer a diagnosis or advice regarding treatment. Information presented in these lessons is for educational purposes ONLY, and information presented here is not to be used as an alternative to a healthcare professional’s diagnosis and treatment of any person/animal.

Only a physician or other licensed healthcare professional are able to determine the requirement for medical assistance to be given to a patient. Please seek the advice of your physician or other licensed healthcare provider if you have any questions regarding a medical condition.

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In this video Doctor Andrea Furlan explains why is Vitamin B12 so important, and how to diagnose its deficiency. The talks about megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia and microcytic anemia. She also talks about the blood tests and normal ranges. She explains how to obtain Vitamin B12 from diet and supplementation, including oral, sublingual and intra-muscular injections.

00:00 Introduction
00:55 Why is Vitamin B12 important
01:12 Normal blood test
01:23 Anemia
02:13 Homocysteine test
02:33 Recommended daily intake
02:54 Dietary sources
03:19 Malabsorption
03:35 Pernicious anemia
04:20 Pain
04:54 Severe deficiency
05:17 Interaction with other medications

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ALERT: This video is not intended to replace medical
advice. If you think you have a condition that is
causing you pain, please consult with your doctor
to get a diagnosis and a treatment plan for you.
The intent of this video is only for educational
purposes.
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Video Rating: / 5

Vitamin B12 deficiency can occur in all kinds of individuals. It may be of particular concern if you are following a vegan or vegetarian diet, or taking medications that reduce your absorption ability of vitamins. This video looks at what exactly a vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to and the ways in which you can obtain vitamin B12 through your diet or by taking B12 supplements.

This video was created by Demystifying Medicine students Dhruvika Joshi, Prabhjot Khabra, Minahil Jabeen and Vanessa Lombardo.

Copyright McMaster University 2017

References:

1. Bruins Slot, W., Merkus, F. W., Deventer, S. J. H. V., & Tytgat, G. N. (1997). Normalization of plasma vitamin B12 concentration by intranasal hydroxocobalamin in vitamin B12-deficient patients. Gastroenterology, 113, 430-433.

2. Daily Intake. (2017). Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Retrieved 30 October 2017, from http://www.inspection.gc.ca.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/food/labelling/food-labelling-for-industry/nutrition-labelling/information-within-the-nutrition-facts-table/eng/1389198568400/1389198597278?chap=6

3. Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B b6 s, folate, vitamin B b12 s, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. (1998) (pp. 306-356). Washington, D.C.

4. Ermens, A., Vlasveld, L., & Lindemans, J. (2003). Significance of elevated cobalamin (vitamin B12) levels in blood. Clinical Biochemistry,36(8), 585-590. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.08.004

5. Ganeson, S., Thanawala, N., & Hussain, N. (2013). Vitamin B12 deficiency: a treatable cause of developmental delay in infancy. J Paediatric Child Health, 49(4): E348-349. doi: 10.1111/jpc.12158

6. Gropper SS, Smith JL, Groff JL. Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism: Fourth Edition. Boston, MA: Wadsworth (2004).

7. Hashim, O. H., & Adnan, N. A. (1994). Coenzyme, cofactor and prosthetic group — Ambiguous biochemical jargon. Biochemical Education,22(2), 93-94. doi:10.1016/0307-4412(94)90088-4

8. Hvas, A., & Nexo, E. (2006). Diagnosis and treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency. An update. Haematologica, 91(11), 1506-1512.

9. Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. (1998). Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. National Academies Press (US).

10. Kwong, J. C., Carr, D., Dhalla, I. A., Tom-Kun, D., & Upshur, R. E. (2005). Oral vitamin B 12 therapy in the primary care setting: a qualitative and quantitative study of patient perspectives. BMC family practice, 6(1), 8.

11. . Langan, R. C., & Goodbred, A. J. (2017). Vitamin B 12 Deficiency: Recognition and Management. American Family Physician, 96(6).

12.. Miller, A., Korem, M., Almog, R., & Galboiz, Y. (2005). Vitamin B12, demyelination, remyelination and repair in multiple sclerosis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences,233(1-2), 93-97. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2005.03.009

13. Møllehave, L. T., Skaaby, T., Simonsen, K. S., Thuesen, B. H., Mortensen, E. L., Sandholt, C. H., … & Linneberg, A. (2017). Association studies of genetic scores of serum vitamin B12 and folate levels with symptoms of depression and anxiety in two danish population studies. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71(9), 1054-1060.

14. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2011). What are the signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia? Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/prnanmia/signs

15. Niculescu, M., & Zeisel, S. (2002). Diet, Methyl Donors and DNA Methylation: Interactions between Dietary Folate, Methionine and Choline. The Journal of Nutrition,132, 2333-2335.

16. Oh, R., & Brown, D. (2003). Vitamin B12 Deficiency. American Family Physician, 67(5), 979-986. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/afp/2003/0301/p979.html

17. Osimani, A., Berger, A., Friedman, J., Porat-Katz, B. S., & Abarbanel, J. M. (2005). Neuropsychology of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in elderly dementia patients and control subjects. Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology, 18(1), 33-38.

18. Vogiatzoglou, A., Smith, A. D., Nurk, E., Berstad, P., Drevon, C. A., Ueland, P. M., … & Refsum, H. (2009). Dietary sources of vitamin B-12 and their association with plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations in the general population: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 89(4), 1078-1087.

19. Whitney, E., Rolfes, S., Hammond, G., & Piche, L. (2011). Understanding Nutrition (1st ed., pp. 332-334). Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd.

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